Cathelicidins are small cationic antimicrobial peptides, whose essential roles in several distinct
pathophysiological processes, including antimicrobial activity, cell proliferation and migration, immune-
regulatory function, angiogenesis and wound healing, have been thoroughly scrutinized in the
past two decades. In this review, several lines of new evidence are provided to show another novel
function of cathelicidins, including LL-37 in humans and a mouse ortholog of LL-37, i.e., murine
cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (mCRAMP), in the inhibition of osteoclast formation and
function. Moreover, LL-37 can function to accelerate bone regeneration in a model of rat calvarial
bone defect. All of these latest findings point toward an emerging role of cathelicidins in bone biology.
With the implication of cathelicidins in bone metabolism, it is hoped that the cathelicidins will be
therapeutically beneficial for future clinical uses in dentistry, especially for bone regeneration in a
common bone-resorbing disease like periodontitis.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicone thickness and the polymerizing
depth of light-polymerized composite resin on the Knoop Hardness Number and the percentage of
bottom-top Knoop Hardness Number of the resin. There were 4 groups of composite resin specimen
with different thickness of clear silicone (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mm). There are also 4 subgroups in each
group with different polymerizing depth (0.25, 0.2, 0.4, and 6.0 mm). Ten specimens were made for
each subgroup. Therefore, there were 160 specimens altogether. Knoop Hardness Numbers and percentage
of bottom-top Knoop Hardness Numbers of the composite resin were measured and analyzed
using a Two-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.01). There were significant differences
(p < 0.01) among mean Knoop Hardness Numbers and percentage of bottom-top Knoop Hardness
Numbers in all groups. Only 3 data points not less than 80 % were detected. In conclusion, the thickness
of clear silicone of no more than 4.0 mm and the polymerizing depth of no more than 2.0 mm
were used for adequate polymerization.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of root canal irrigants from mangosteen
pericarp extracts with papain, propolis extracts with papain compared with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite
on mixture of Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. One hundred
and eight extract human single-rooted teeth were sectioned to obtain the root of 12 mm long.
The sectioned roots were sterilized by autoclaved then infected with mixture of S. gordonii and E.
faecalis, incubated at 37 ºC for 2 weeks. Two teeth were evaluated by bacterial penetration using
scanning electron microscope. Canals were instrumented using stepback technique until master
apical file was size 35, irrigated with 1 ml of the tested irrigant after each instrumentation. The specimens
were randomly distributed into 3 groups according to the irrigation type: Group I: teeth were
irrigated with mangosteen pericarp extracts with papain (N = 30), Group II: teeth were irrigated with
propolis extracts with papain (N = 30), Group III: teeth were irrigated with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite
(N = 30). Control groups were divided into 5 teeth irrigated with 50 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 5
teeth with mixture of 50 % DMSO and papain, 5 teeth with normal saline and 1 neither infected nor
irrigated tooth. Specimens were kept in 100 % humidity at 37 ºC for 24 hours. The dentine chips from
sterilized gates gridded drill were culture for 24 hours to determine the remaining colony forming
units. The results demonstrated that one tooth in the mangosteen pericarp extracts with papain had remaining bacteria,
no tooth from propolis extracts with papain and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite showed Chi-square test indicated no statistically significant difference
(p = 0.564) in eradicating
mixture of S. gordonii and E. faecalis among root canal irrigants from mangosteen pericarp
extracts with papain, propolis extracts with papain and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite. In conclusion
there was no difference in irradicating bacteria among three irrigants.

Turner syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality in females. It is characterized
by anomalies of the X chromosome. The characteristic physical abnormalities include short stature,
sexual infantilism and learning disability. In addition, other systemic diseases found in Turner Syndrome
are heart disease, hypertension and hypothyroid. Oral manifestations are also observed, such as
micrognathia, retrognathia and thin enamel. The chromosome analysis is required for definitive diagnosis.
There are few articles concerning dental management for young patients with Turner syndrome. The
appropriate management usually requires a multidisciplinary approach. The purposes of this article are
review related literatures regarding the incidence, clinical features, diagnosis, complication, dental
management of Turner syndrome and case report.

Demand or self-perceived need for Orthodontic Treatment (OT) is increasing in Thailand as in many
other countries especially in adolescents, on which most OT is carried out. Planning of OT for adolescents
requires information on factors influencing the demand for OT; in Bangkok, these factors have not yet been
adequately studied. The objectives of this study were to assess the factors that influenced demand for OT
in a group of secondary school students in Bangkok as well as to compare the demand for OT between
genders. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 450 students aged 12 - 14 years in three government
secondary schools in Bangkok, Thailand. A constructed questionnaire was used to assess demand for OT
and factors influencing that demand. Most of the students (74.0 %) requested OT. Females demanded OT
more than males (male 66.1 % and female 78.7 %, p = 0.003). Genders, regular dental check-ups, awareness
of malocclusion and aesthetic reasons were factors influencing the demand for OT.